Kubernetes

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KISS

If you are new to Kubernetes you might want to check out K3s first as it is easier to set up (less moving parts).

1 Master and 1 Node

Assumptions:

  • Master and Node are on the same network (in this example 10.1.1.0/24)
  • IP of the Master: 10.1.1.2
  • IP of the first Node: 10.1.1.3

Caveats:

  • this was only tested on 20.09pre215024.e97dfe73bba (Nightingale) (unstable)
  • this is probably not best-practice
    • for a production-grade cluster you shouldn't use easyCerts
  • If you experience inability to reach service CIDR from pods, disable firewall via networking.firewall.enable = false; or otherwise make sure that it doesn't interfere with packet forwarding.
  • Make sure to set docker0 in promiscuous mode ip link set docker0 promisc on

Master

Add to your configuration.nix: 

{ config, pkgs, ... }:
let
  # When using easyCerts=true the IP Address must resolve to the master on creation.
 # So use simply 127.0.0.1 in that case. Otherwise you will have errors like this https://github.com/NixOS/nixpkgs/issues/59364
  kubeMasterIP = "10.1.1.2";
  kubeMasterHostname = "api.kube";
  kubeMasterAPIServerPort = 6443;
in
{
  # resolve master hostname
  networking.extraHosts = "${kubeMasterIP} ${kubeMasterHostname}";

  # packages for administration tasks
  environment.systemPackages = with pkgs; [
    kompose
    kubectl
    kubernetes
  ];

  services.kubernetes = {
    roles = ["master" "node"];
    masterAddress = kubeMasterHostname;
    apiserverAddress = "https://${kubeMasterHostname}:${toString kubeMasterAPIServerPort}";
    easyCerts = true;
    apiserver = {
      securePort = kubeMasterAPIServerPort;
      advertiseAddress = kubeMasterIP;
    };

    # use coredns
    addons.dns.enable = true;

    # needed if you use swap
    kubelet.extraOpts = "--fail-swap-on=false";
  };
}

Apply your config (e.g. nixos-rebuild switch).

Link your kubeconfig to your home directory: 

ln -s /etc/kubernetes/cluster-admin.kubeconfig ~/.kube/config

Now, executing kubectl cluster-info should yield something like this: 

Kubernetes master is running at https://10.1.1.2
CoreDNS is running at https://10.1.1.2/api/v1/namespaces/kube-system/services/kube-dns:dns/proxy

To further debug and diagnose cluster problems, use 'kubectl cluster-info dump'.

You should also see that the master is also a node using kubectl get nodes: 

NAME       STATUS   ROLES    AGE   VERSION
direwolf   Ready    <none>   41m   v1.16.6-beta.0

Node

Add to your configuration.nix: 

{ config, pkgs, ... }:
let
  kubeMasterIP = "10.1.1.2";
  kubeMasterHostname = "api.kube";
  kubeMasterAPIServerPort = 6443;
in
{
  # resolve master hostname
  networking.extraHosts = "${kubeMasterIP} ${kubeMasterHostname}";

  # packages for administration tasks
  environment.systemPackages = with pkgs; [
    kompose
    kubectl
    kubernetes
  ];

  services.kubernetes = let
    api = "https://${kubeMasterHostname}:${toString kubeMasterAPIServerPort}";
  in
  {
    roles = ["node"];
    masterAddress = kubeMasterHostname;
    easyCerts = true;

    # point kubelet and other services to kube-apiserver
    kubelet.kubeconfig.server = api;
    apiserverAddress = api;

    # use coredns
    addons.dns.enable = true;

    # needed if you use swap
    kubelet.extraOpts = "--fail-swap-on=false";
  };
}

Apply your config (e.g. nixos-rebuild switch).

According to the NixOS tests, make your Node join the cluster:

on the master, grab the apitoken 

cat /var/lib/kubernetes/secrets/apitoken.secret

on the node, join the node with 

echo TOKEN | nixos-kubernetes-node-join

After that, you should see your new node using kubectl get nodes: 

NAME       STATUS   ROLES    AGE    VERSION
direwolf   Ready    <none>   62m    v1.16.6-beta.0
drake      Ready    <none>   102m   v1.16.6-beta.0

N Masters (HA)

Troubleshooting

systemctl status kubelet

systemctl status kube-apiserver

kubectl get nodes

Join Cluster not working

If you face issues while running the nixos-kubernetes-node-join script: 

Restarting certmgr...
Job for certmgr.service failed because a timeout was exceeded.
See "systemctl status certmgr.service" and "journalctl -xe" for details.

Go investigate with journalctl -u certmgr: 

... certmgr: loading from config file /nix/store/gj7qr7lp6wakhiwcxdpxwbpamvmsifhk-certmgr.yaml
... manager: loading certificates from /nix/store/4n41ikm7322jxg7bh0afjpxsd4b2idpv-certmgr.d
... manager: loading spec from /nix/store/4n41ikm7322jxg7bh0afjpxsd4b2idpv-certmgr.d/flannelClient.json
... [ERROR] cert: failed to fetch remote CA: failed to parse rootCA certs

In this case, cfssl could be overloaded.

Restarting cfssl on the master node should help: systemctl restart cfssl

Also, make sure that port 8888 is open on your master node.

DNS issues

Check if coredns is running via kubectl get pods -n kube-system: 

NAME                       READY   STATUS    RESTARTS   AGE
coredns-577478d784-bmt5s   1/1     Running   2          163m
coredns-577478d784-bqj65   1/1     Running   2          163m

Run a pod to check with kubectl run curl --restart=Never --image=radial/busyboxplus:curl -i --tty:

If you don't see a command prompt, try pressing enter. 

[ root@curl:/ ]$

nslookup google.com

Server:    10.0.0.254
Address 1: 10.0.0.254 kube-dns.kube-system.svc.cluster.local

Name:      google.com
Address 1: 2a00:1450:4016:803::200e muc12s04-in-x0e.1e100.net
Address 2: 172.217.23.14 lhr35s01-in-f14.1e100.net

In case DNS is still not working I found that sometimes, restarting services helps: 

systemctl restart kube-proxy flannel kubelet

reset to a clean state

Sometimes it helps to have a clean state on all instances:

  • comment kubernetes-related code in configuration.nix
  • nixos-rebuild switch
  • clean up filesystem
    • rm -rf /var/lib/kubernetes/ /var/lib/etcd/ /var/lib/cfssl/ /var/lib/kubelet/
    • rm -rf /etc/kube-flannel/ /etc/kubernetes/
  • uncomment kubernetes-related code again
  • nixos-rebuild switch

Miscellaneous

Rook Ceph storage cluster

Chances are you want to setup a storage cluster using rook.

To do so, I found it necessary to change a few things (tested with rook v1.2):

  • you need the ceph kernel module: boot.kernelModules = [ "ceph" ];
  • change the root dir of the kubelet: kubelet.extraOpts = "--root-dir=/var/lib/kubelet";
  • reboot all your nodes
  • continue with the official quickstart guide
  • in operator.yaml, help the CSI plugins find the hosts' ceph kernel modules by adding (or uncommenting -- they're in the example config) these entries:
 CSI_CEPHFS_PLUGIN_VOLUME: |
 - name: lib-modules
   hostPath:
     path: /run/current-system/kernel-modules/lib/modules/
 CSI_RBD_PLUGIN_VOLUME: |
 - name: lib-modules
   hostPath:
     path: /run/current-system/kernel-modules/lib/modules/

NVIDIA

You can use NVIDIA's k8s-device-plugin.

Make nvidia-docker your default docker runtime: 

virtualisation.docker = {
    enable = true;

    # use nvidia as the default runtime
    enableNvidia = true;
    extraOptions = "--default-runtime=nvidia";
};

Apply their Daemonset: 

kubectl create -f https://raw.githubusercontent.com/NVIDIA/k8s-device-plugin/1.0.0-beta4/nvidia-device-plugin.yml

/dev/shm

Some applications need enough shared memory to work properly. Create a new volumeMount for your Deployment: 

volumeMounts:
- mountPath: /dev/shm
  name: dshm

and mark its medium as Memory: 

volumes:
- name: dshm
  emptyDir:
  medium: Memory

Arm64

Nix might pull in coredns and etcd images that are incompatible with arm, To resolve this add the following to your master node's configuration:

etcd

  ...
  services.kubernetes = {...};
  systemd.services.etcd = {
    environment = {
      ETCD_UNSUPPORTED_ARCH = "arm64";
    };
  };
  ...

coredns

  services.kubernetes = {
    ...
    # use coredns
    addons.dns = {
      enable = true;
      coredns = {
        finalImageTag = "1.10.1";
        imageDigest = "sha256:a0ead06651cf580044aeb0a0feba63591858fb2e43ade8c9dea45a6a89ae7e5e";
        imageName = "coredns/coredns";
        sha256 = "0c4vdbklgjrzi6qc5020dvi8x3mayq4li09rrq2w0hcjdljj0yf9";
      };
    };
   ...
  };

Tooling

There are various community projects aimed at facilitating working with Kubernetes combined with Nix:

References

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