C

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This article gives practical advices when working on C/C++ projects with Nix.

Differences between nixpkgs and the rest

The way nixpkgs and its stdenv handles compiling and linking is very different from other linux distributions. Usually header files are put into well known paths i.e. /usr/include, where the compiler will look for them. Same is true when linking against libraries, which are put in a few places, where the build-time linker will find them. Dynamically linked libraries will have a run-time linker (also known as ld.so) set as an interpreter. This linker reads /etc/ld.so.conf to figure out where to find libraries. In nixpkgs in contrast this information is provided by environment variables that will be set based on the build inputs that are given when building a package or when loading a nix expression into a nix-shell. Therefore it is not sufficient to just install libraries with nix-env into the profile since the compiler will not look in those paths when compiling.

The compiler wrapper

When inspecting the compiler or linker executable one will notice that those are not binaries but shell scripts: 

$ nix-shell -p hello --command 'which $CC'
/nix/store/isg8rxaxkijl9x3hr2gzsf8pqfnqxg3k-gcc-wrapper-7.4.0/bin/gcc
$ nix-shell -p hello --command 'which $LD'
/nix/store/isg8rxaxkijl9x3hr2gzsf8pqfnqxg3k-gcc-wrapper-7.4.0/bin/ld
$ file /nix/store/isg8rxaxkijl9x3hr2gzsf8pqfnqxg3k-gcc-wrapper-7.4.0/bin/gcc /nix/store/isg8rxaxkijl9x3hr2gzsf8pqfnqxg3k-gcc-wrapper-7.4.0/bin/ld
/nix/store/isg8rxaxkijl9x3hr2gzsf8pqfnqxg3k-gcc-wrapper-7.4.0/bin/gcc: a /nix/store/vs6d2fjkl4kb3jb7rwibsd76k9v2n4xy-bash-4.4-p23/bin/bash script, ASCII text executable
/nix/store/isg8rxaxkijl9x3hr2gzsf8pqfnqxg3k-gcc-wrapper-7.4.0/bin/ld:  symbolic link to /nix/store/lwdkm354f3zzsvkf7pqmnc8w6r164b42-binutils-wrapper-2.30/bin/ld

These shell-scripts wrap around the actual compiler and add additional compiler flags depending on environment variables. In particular the wrapper around the C compiler, will also look for a NIX_CFLAGS_COMPILE variable and prepend the content to command line arguments passed to the underlying compiler. A different variable is called NIX_LDFLAGS, which will be provided as input to the build time linker. Nixpkgs use these variables to influence what kind of header files and libraries are visible to the build tools when running. For example when we add zlib to buildInputs of a stdenv.mkDerivation call and load the resulting file in a nix-shell, we can see the effect on both NIX_CFLAGS_COMPILE and NIX_LDFLAGS 

$ cat > shell.nix <<EOF
with import <nixpkgs> {};
stdenv.mkDerivation {
  name = "myenv";
  buildInputs = [ zlib ];
};
EOF
[nix-shell:~] $ echo $NIX_CFLAGS_COMPILE
-isystem /nix/store/bjl5kk674rmdzzpmcsvmw73hvf35jwh8-zlib-1.2.11-dev/include -isystem /nix/store/bjl5kk674rmdzzpmcsvmw73hvf35jwh8-zlib-1.2.11-dev/include
[nix-shell:~] $ echo $NIX_LDFLAGS
-rpath /nix/store/d5dzr90q2wy2nlw0z7s0pgxkjfjv1jrj-myenv/lib64 -rpath /nix/store/d5dzr90q2wy2nlw0z7s0pgxkjfjv1jrj-myenv/lib -L/nix/store/5dphwv1xs46n0qbhynny2lbhmx4xh1fc-zlib-1.2.11/lib -L/nix/store/5dphwv1xs46n0qbhynny2lbhmx4xh1fc-zlib-1.2.11/lib

In $NIX_CFLAGS_COMPILE we see that the include search path is extended by appending new directories using the -isystem flag.

For $NIX_LDFLAGS see that the library link path is extended using the -L flag. We also notice that in addition to library paths the linker gets instructed to extend the RPATH of the program using the -rpath flag. This is needed when the executable is executed since the runtime linker will read the RPATH from the elf header to figure out where to find shared libraries. We can print the RPATH of executable using the patchelf command. 

$ nix-shell -p hello --command 'patchelf --print-rpath $(which hello)'
/nix/store/fivq0nbggp4y8mhy3ixprqd7qyn1hy2j-glibc-2.27/lib

Debugging the compiler wrapper

To inspect how the shell wrapper processes the variables one can set the NIX_DEBUG environment variable: 

$ nix-shell -p hello --command 'NIX_DEBUG=1 $CC -v'
HARDENING: disabled flags: pie
HARDENING: Is active (not completely disabled with "all" flag)
HARDENING: enabling fortify
HARDENING: enabling stackprotector
HARDENING: enabling strictoverflow
HARDENING: enabling format
HARDENING: enabling pic
extra flags before to /nix/store/4ga86h16l157r7bas9hcwxgl9d3r32s6-gcc-7.4.0/bin/gcc:
  ''
original flags to /nix/store/4ga86h16l157r7bas9hcwxgl9d3r32s6-gcc-7.4.0/bin/gcc:
  -v
extra flags after to /nix/store/4ga86h16l157r7bas9hcwxgl9d3r32s6-gcc-7.4.0/bin/gcc:
  ''
Using built-in specs.
COLLECT_GCC=/nix/store/4ga86h16l157r7bas9hcwxgl9d3r32s6-gcc-7.4.0/bin/gcc
COLLECT_LTO_WRAPPER=/nix/store/4ga86h16l157r7bas9hcwxgl9d3r32s6-gcc-7.4.0/libexec/gcc/x86_64-unknown-linux-gnu/7.4.0/lto-wrapper
Target: x86_64-unknown-linux-gnu
Configured with:
Thread model: posix
gcc version 7.4.0 (GCC)

Hardening flags

To improve the security of applications the wrapper also injects additional hardening compile flags into the application. Under some circumstances this can make programs fail to build or function. To disable all hardening options one can export the environment variable hardeningDisable="all". This also works for derivations like that: 

with import <nixpkgs> {};
stdenv.mkDerivation {
  hardeningDisable = [ "all" ];
};

It is also possible to only enable certain parts: 


with import <nixpkgs> {};
stdenv.mkDerivation {
  hardeningDisable = [ "format" ];
};

Further options are described in the manual

pkg-config

pkg-config is a tool and file format to describe what compiler and linker flags a build process needs to add to use a certain library. It is often used as part of the build process to check if needed dependencies are present and in the right version. In nix expression pkg-config will find its .pc files by looking up the PKG_CONFIG_PATH variable. This variable is automatically set when pkg-config is present in nativeBuildInputs by a build-support hook provided by the pkg-config package.

If you save the following file as shell.nix: 

with import <nixpkgs> {};
stdenv.mkDerivation {
  name = "env";
  nativeBuildInputs = [ pkgconfig ];
  buildInputs = [
    cryptsetup
  ];
}

The PKG_CONFIG_PATH variable will have the following content when running nix-shell 

[nix-shell:~]  $ echo $PKG_CONFIG_PATH
/nix/store/ypg1r7c8m0rkim7by4ikn68xc88bi53j-cryptsetup-2.0.6-dev/lib/pkgconfig:/nix/store/ypg1r7c8m0rkim7by4ikn68xc88bi53j-cryptsetup-2.0.6-dev/lib/pkgconfig
[nix-shell:~] $ pkg-config --cflags libcryptsetup
-I/nix/store/ypg1r7c8m0rkim7by4ikn68xc88bi53j-cryptsetup-2.0.6-dev/include

cmake

Similar to pkg-config cmake relies on the $CMAKE_PREFIX_PATH to finds its modules (files ending in .cmake). Also see this example: 

with import <nixpkgs> {};
stdenv.mkDerivation {
  name = "env";
  nativeBuildInputs = [ cmake ];
  buildInputs = [ zeromq ];
}

$ nix-shell
[nix-shell:~] $ echo $CMAKE_PREFIX_PATH'
/nix/store/lw4xr0x2p6xyfgbk961lxh8vnnx7vn2r-cmake-3.12.1:/nix/store/j4x44bjjgwy7hm7lazj8xnr9mnlfiksh-patchelf-0.9:/nix/store/isg8rxaxkijl9x3hr2gzsf8pqfnqxg3k-gcc-wrapper-7.4.0:/nix/store/lwdkm354f3zzsvkf7pqmnc8w6r164b42-binutils-wrapper-2.30:/nix/store/biz7v9g4g6yrnp2h8wfn01d6pk3bj2m1-zeromq-4.3.0:/nix/store/lw4xr0x2p6xyfgbk961lxh8vnnx7vn2r-cmake-3.12.1:/nix/store/j4x44bjjgwy7hm7lazj8xnr9mnlfiksh-patchelf-0.9:/nix/store/isg8rxaxkijl9x3hr2gzsf8pqfnqxg3k-gcc-wrapper-7.4.0:/nix/store/lwdkm354f3zzsvkf7pqmnc8w6r164b42-binutils-wrapper-2.30:/nix/store/biz7v9g4g6yrnp2h8wfn01d6pk3bj2m1-zeromq-4.3.0
[nix-shell:~] $ cat >CMakeLists.txt <<EOF
cmake_minimum_required(VERSION 2.8)
project(helloworld)
add_executable(helloworld hello.c)
find_package (ZeroMQ)
EOF
[nix-shell:~] $ echo 'int main {}' > hello.c
[nix-shell:~] $ cmake .

Cross-Compiling

To get access to a cross-compiling toolchain use pkgsCross prefix. In this example we load the compiler for the arm-embedded target (bare metal without operating system): 

with import <nixpkgs> {};
pkgsCross.arm-embedded.stdenv.mkDerivation {
  name = "env";
}

This will set build environment variables like $CC, $AR and $LD: 

$ echo $CC $AR $CXX $LD
arm-none-eabi-gcc arm-none-eabi-ar arm-none-eabi-g++ arm-none-eabi-ld

Well behaved build systems should respect these environment variables when building projects. Also take a look in the Cross Compiling article for further information on cross-compiling.

Debug symbols

By default debug symbols are stripped of in the fixup phase of a package build. To get a library with debug symbols one can use the enableDebugging function to disable stripping: 

with import <nixpkgs> {};
stdenv.mkDerivation {
  name = "env";
  buildInputs = [ (enableDebugging zlib) ];  
}

$ echo $NIX_LDFLAGS
-rpath /nix/store/fqpmgpcij4dddckkw4wh53ffn31yv1y6-env/lib64 -rpath /nix/store/fqpmgpcij4dddckkw4wh53ffn31yv1y6-env/lib  -L/nix/store/g2y1122bwz5434w6nx34s40f2hmdkb1z-zlib-1.2.11/lib -L/nix/store/g2y1122bwz5434w6nx34s40f2hmdkb1z-zlib-1.2.11/lib
$ file /nix/store/g2y1122bwz5434w6nx34s40f2hmdkb1z-zlib-1.2.11/lib/libz.so.1.2.11
/nix/store/g2y1122bwz5434w6nx34s40f2hmdkb1z-zlib-1.2.11/lib/libz.so.1.2.11: ELF 64-bit LSB shared object, x86-64, version 1 (SYSV), dynamically linked, with debug_info, not stripped

It also possible to separate debug symbols from the actual binaries and store them in a different output by using the separateDebugInfo option. This is described in the manual. Also see Debug Symbols for further information about debug symbols.

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