ZFS

Notes

• Newest kernels might not be supported by ZFS yet. If you are running an newer kernel which is not yet officially supported by zfs, the zfs module will refuse to evaluate and show up as broken. Use boot.kernelPackages = config.boot.zfs.package.latestCompatibleLinuxPackages;

• ZFS does not support swap. Hibernation must be either disabled with boot.kernelParams = [ "nohibernate" ];, or enabled with a separate, non-ZFS swap partition.

• By default, all ZFS pools available to the system will be forcibly imported during boot. This behaviour can be disabled by setting boot.zfs.forceImportAll = false;.

• If you are running within a VM and NixOS fails to import the zpool on reboot, you may need to add boot.zfs.devNodes = "/dev/disk/by-path"; to your configuration.nix file.

Enable ZFS support

Common ZFS installation guides are now maintained at OpenZFS Documentation website. Visit there for details and if an issue arises, submit an issue or pull request.

Importing on boot

If you create a zpool, it will not be imported on the next boot unless you either add the zpool name to boot.zfs.extraPools:

## In /etc/nixos/configuration.nix:
boot.zfs.extraPools = [ "zpool_name" ];

or if you are using legacy mountpoints, add a fileSystems entry and NixOS will automatically detect that the pool needs to be imported:

## In /etc/nixos/configuration.nix:
fileSystems."/mount/point" = {
  device = "zpool_name";
  fsType = "zfs";
};

Root on ZFS

Root on ZFS guide is now maintained at OpenZFS Documentation website. Visit there for details and if an issue arises, submit an issue or pull request.

Immutable Root on ZFS

After following the OpenZFS Documentation, immutable root can be optionally enabled to clean up root filesystem at boot.

This involves mounting the existing root at a different location and bind mount necessary configuration files from the new mount point. We will use /altroot here.

## In /etc/nixos/configuration.nix:
  systemd.services.zfs-mount.enable = false;

boot.initrd.postDeviceCommands = ''
  zpool import -Nf rpool
  zfs rollback -r rpool/nixos/empty@start
  zpool export -a
'';

## In /etc/nixos/hardware-configuration.nix:

## Create new root datasets
# zfs create -o canmount=noauto -o mountpoint=/ rpool/nixos/empty
# zfs snapshot rpool/nixos/empty@start

## Replace existing entry for / (root) with
  fileSystems."/" =
    { device = "rpool/nixos/empty";
      fsType = "zfs"; options = [ "zfsutil" "noatime" "X-mount.mkdir" ];
    };

## Mount old root at /altroot
## noatime option is used for better performance
  fileSystems."/altroot" =
    { device = "rpool/nixos/root";
      fsType = "zfs"; options = [ "zfsutil" "noatime" "X-mount.mkdir" ];
      neededForBoot = true;
    };

## /nix/ is needed for the system to boot, so
## bind mount it from old root
  fileSystems."/nix" = {
    device = "/altroot/nix";
    fsType = "none";
    options = [ "bind" "X-mount.mkdir" ];
  };

## /etc/nixos/ stores system configuration
  fileSystems."/etc/nixos" = {
    device = "/altroot/etc/nixos";
    fsType = "none";
    options = [ "bind" "X-mount.mkdir" ];
  };

Mount datasets at boot

zfs-mount service is enabled by default on NixOS 22.05.

To automatically mount a dataset at boot, you only need to set canmount=on and mountpoint=/mount/point on the respective datasets.

Changing the Adaptive Replacement Cache size

To change the maximum size of the ARC to (for example) 12 GB, add this to your NixOS configuration:

boot.kernelParams = [ "zfs.zfs_arc_max=12884901888" ];

Tuning other parameters

To tune other attributes of ARC, L2ARC or of ZFS itself via runtime modprobe config, add this to your NixOS configuration (keys and values are examples only!):

    boot.extraModprobeConfig = ''
      options zfs l2arc_noprefetch=0 l2arc_write_boost=33554432 l2arc_write_max=16777216 zfs_arc_max=2147483648
    '';

You can confirm whether any specified configuration/tuning got applied via commands like arc_summary and arcstat -a -s " ".

Automatic scrubbing

Regular scrubbing of ZFS pools is recommended and can be enabled in your NixOS configuration via:

services.zfs.autoScrub.enable = true;

You can tweak the interval (defaults to once a week) and which pools should be scrubbed (defaults to all).

Reservations

On ZFS, the performance will deteriorate significantly when more than 80% of the available space is used. To avoid this, reserve disk space beforehand.

To reserve space create a new unused dataset that gets a guaranteed disk space of 10GB.

# zfs create -o refreservation=10G -o mountpoint=none zroot/reserved

Auto ZFS trimming

services.zfs.trim.enable = true;.

For further information read the man pages.

Take snapshots automatically

See services.sanoid section in man configuration.nix.

Remote unlock

Unlock encrypted zfs via ssh on boot

Note: As of 22.05, rebuilding your config with the below directions may result in a situation where, if you want to revert the changes, you may need to do some pretty hairy nix-store manipulation to be able to successfully rebuild, see https://github.com/NixOS/nixpkgs/issues/101462#issuecomment-1172926129

In case you want unlock a machine remotely (after an update), having an ssh service in initrd for the password prompt is handy:

boot = {
  initrd.network = {
    # This will use udhcp to get an ip address.
    # Make sure you have added the kernel module for your network driver to `boot.initrd.availableKernelModules`, 
    # so your initrd can load it!
    # Static ip addresses might be configured using the ip argument in kernel command line:
    # https://www.kernel.org/doc/Documentation/filesystems/nfs/nfsroot.txt
    enable = true;
    ssh = {
      enable = true;
      # To prevent ssh clients from freaking out because a different host key is used,
      # a different port for ssh is useful (assuming the same host has also a regular sshd running)
      port = 2222; 
      # hostKeys paths must be unquoted strings, otherwise you'll run into issues with boot.initrd.secrets
      # the keys are copied to initrd from the path specified; multiple keys can be set
      # you can generate any number of host keys using 
      # `ssh-keygen -t ed25519 -N "" -f /path/to/ssh_host_ed25519_key`
      hostKeys = [ /path/to/ssh_host_rsa_key ];
      # public ssh key used for login
      authorizedKeys = [ "ssh-rsa AAAA..." ];
    };
  };
};

• In order to use DHCP in the initrd, network manager must not be enabled and networking.useDHCP = true; must be set.
• If your network card isn't started, you'll need to add the according kernel module to the kernel and initrd as well, e.g.

  boot.kernelModules = [ "r8169" ];
  boot.initrd.kernelModules = [ "r8169" ];
  

After that you can unlock your datasets using the following ssh command:

ssh root@host -p 2222 "zpool import -a; zfs load-key -a && killall zfs"

NFS share

With sharenfs property, ZFS has build-in support for generating /etc/exports.d/zfs.exports file, which in turn is processed by NFS service automatically.

Warning: If you are intending on defining an IPv6 subnet as part of your sharenfs rule, as of ZFS 2.0.6 (2021-09-23) please note that due to a bug in openzfs your rule will not correctly apply, and may result in a security vulnerability (CVE-2013-20001). A fix has been implemented in the next yet-to-be-released upstream version - openzfs/zfs#11939

To enable NFS share on a dataset, only two steps are needed:

First, enable NFS service:

services.nfs.server.enable = true;

Only this line is needed. Configure firewall if necessary, as described in NFS article.

Then, set sharenfs property:

# zfs set sharenfs="ro=192.168.1.0/24,all_squash,anonuid=70,anongid=70" rpool/myData

For more options, see man 5 exports.

Todo: sharesmb property for Samba.

Mail notification for ZFS Event Daemon

ZFS Event Daemon (zed) monitors events generated by the ZFS kernel module and runs configured tasks. It can be configured to send an email when a pool scrub is finished or a disk has failed. zed options

Alternative 1: Enable Mail Notification without Re-compliation

First, we need to configure a mail transfer agent, the program that sends email:

{
  programs.msmtp = {
    enable = true;
    setSendmail = true;
    defaults = {
      aliases = "/etc/aliases";
      port = 465;
      tls_trust_file = "/etc/ssl/certs/ca-certificates.crt";
      tls = "on";
      auth = "login";
      tls_starttls = "off";
    };
    accounts = {
      default = {
        host = "mail.example.com";
        passwordeval = "cat /etc/emailpass.txt";
        user = "user@example.com";
        from = "user@example.com";
      };
    };
  };
}

Then, configure an alias for root account. With this alias configured, all mails sent to root, such as cron job results and failed sudo login events, will be redirected to the configured email account.

tee -a /etc/aliases <<EOF
root: user@example.com
EOF

Finally, override default zed settings with a custom one:

{
  services.zfs.zed.settings = {
    ZED_DEBUG_LOG = "/tmp/zed.debug.log";
    ZED_EMAIL_ADDR = [ "root" ];
    ZED_EMAIL_PROG = "${pkgs.msmtp}/bin/msmtp";
    ZED_EMAIL_OPTS = "@ADDRESS@";

    ZED_NOTIFY_INTERVAL_SECS = 3600;
    ZED_NOTIFY_VERBOSE = true;

    ZED_USE_ENCLOSURE_LEDS = true;
    ZED_SCRUB_AFTER_RESILVER = true;
  };
  # this option does not work; will return error
  services.zfs.zed.enableMail = false;
}

You can now test this by performing a scrub

# zpool scrub $pool

Alternative 2: Rebuild ZFS with Mail Support

The zfs package can be rebuilt with mail features. However, please note that this will cause Nix to recompile the entire ZFS package on the computer, and on every kernel update, which could be very time-consuming on lower-end NAS systems.

An alternative solution that does not involve recompliation can be found above.

The following override is needed as zfs is implicitly used in partition mounting:

nixpkgs.config.packageOverrides = pkgs: {
  zfsStable = pkgs.zfsStable.override { enableMail = true; };
};

A mail sender like msmtp or postfix is required.

A minimal, testable ZED configuration example:

services.zfs.zed.enableMail = true;
services.zfs.zed.settings = {
  ZED_EMAIL_ADDR = [ "root" ];
  ZED_NOTIFY_VERBOSE = true;
};

Above, ZED_EMAIL_ADDR is set to root, which most people will have an alias for in their mailer. You can change it to directly mail you: ZED_EMAIL_ADDR = [ "you@example.com" ];

ZED pulls in mailutils and runs mail by default, but you can override it with ZED_EMAIL_PROG. If using msmtp, you may need ZED_EMAIL_PROG = "${pkgs.msmtp}/bin/msmtp";.

You can customize the mail command with ZED_EMAIL_OPTS. For example, if your upstream mail server requires a certain FROM address: ZED_EMAIL_OPTS = "-r 'noreply@example.com' -s '@SUBJECT@' @ADDRESS@";